The present communication is a segment of our PhD thesis with the theme of Allocutive formulas in Romanian and Romance languages and aims to outline a pragmasemantic, sociolinguistic and variationist analysis of the use of the allocutive formulas in contemporary Romanian, depending on the illocutionary force of the verbal interaction.
In this respect, our approach will highlight the role that various forms play in the acts of initiating the conversation, according to the joint purpose of the locutor, the relationship between the locutor and the recipient, the psychosocial connections between the participants in the linguistic interaction.
The research is aimed at a synchronous approach to the issue, the illustrative material being extracted from the most popular spoken Romanian samples (IVLRA, CORV, corola, ALERT).
In order to identify the purpose of an interaction, we have to take into account both the space-time framework (which has its own destination) and participants the interaction (who have personal objectives).
Communication purposes may be pre-existing, considered outside the interaction, but at the same time built and negotiated during the interaction by the participants, who may have different objectives, reconsidering, more or less radically, their position during the communication situation – the idea of „goal switching”.
Through the concept of performance, Austin (1962) analyzes what speakers say in order to carry out an action. The researcher distinguishes three components of the language acts: The locutionary component – the act of saying something, the illocutory component – the purpose of the speaker when uttering an act of speech, the perlocutionary component – the effects, the consequences produced on the interlocutor by the act of language.
The illocutionary force of speech takes into account the communicative intention of the locutor, representing at a basic level the reflection of the action implied by the statement.
Searle (1979) proposed a taxonomy of language acts according to the illocutionary force.
Addressing implies the presence of efficient verbs, which are included, given the taxonomy of the language acts proposed by Searle ( 1979), in the class of directives or exercising acts, with the objective of inducing the person concerned to do a certain action desired by the locutor.
In addition to verbs recognized as performing, the illocutionary force of the allocutive formulas is marked by the use of the imperative mode which corresponds, prototypically, to an act of directional speech.
GALR places utterances statements in the class of directives acts by which the locutor tries to persuade the person concerned to act in a particular way, by order or urge.
The imperative can be used for the performance of several acts such as order, request or advice, directly or indirectly related (through acts of aserative or interrogation structures).
Interrogative structures are allocuative formulas which are set up in direct or indirect directives requiring or ordering the person concerned to take a particular action. From the point of view of the addressing, a special class of these direct directives is that of questions of confirmation that „the person concerned requests the person concerned to confirm/introduce a previous statement (2005)”. These are grammaticalized marks of the orientation to the lecturer with a fixed syntactic and lexical structure of the kind „isn’t it?”, „I say, okay?, yes or no?”, is it or not?
Indirect directives are used in interrelated interoperative structures, with a reverse syntax, performed through modal verbs (can you give me the salt, please?, would you like to open the window, please?) And through structured interrogatives symmetrical (Do you eat or not?) or accompanied by marks of politeness (2005).
Documents performed by means of this type of interrogation are not considered true or false, and the reviewer, by his reply, will give them real value. The questions included in this category are open questions (how will you proceed next?) Or closed questions (where are you going?).
Documents performed by means of this type of interrogation are not considered true or false, and the reviewer, by his reply, will give them real value. The questions included in this category are open questions (how will you proceed next?) Or closed questions (where are you going?).
The alocutor, not being a passive participant in the communication situation, constructs his own discursive strategy through which he independently interprets, depending on his personal interests, the information received from the locutor.
With a view to establishing discursive and social objectives, the lessor selects certain structures and forms of allocation, which are part of a discursive strategy, through which he conducts by anticipation the alverter’s response in the oral interaction.